a strategy in which the predicate in a complex sentence or a complex predicate construction does not recruit the predicate construction in a simple predication, in contrast to the balanced strategy. Instead, the deranked predicate either: (i) lacks the inflections of the predicate; (ii) uses different inflections from the predicate; (iii) has an affix that overtly codes its relation to the other predicate; or some combination of these three possibilities. Example: in Reaching the top of the hill, Ron found a stone monument, the predicate reaching is a deranked form: it lacks verbal inflections and is overtly coded by the suffix -ing. Deranked predicate forms are also called infinitives, gerunds, participles, verbal nouns, masdars, action nominals, and nominalizations. (Sections 12.4.2, 14.2, 15.2.3)